Number Sense and Mathematics: Which, When and How?

Individual differences in number sense correlate with mathematical ability and performance, although the presence and strength of this relationship differs across studies.
Inconsistencies in the literature may stem from heterogeneity of number sense and mathematical ability constructs. Sample characteristics may also play a role as changes in the
relationship between number sense and mathematics may differ across development and cultural contexts. In this study, 4,984 16-year-old students were assessed on estimation
ability, one aspect of number sense. Estimation was measured using two different tasks: number line and dot-comparison. Using cognitive and achievement data previously collected from these students at ages 7, 9, 10, 12, and 14 years of age, the study explored for which of the measures and when in development these links are observed; how strong these links are and how much these links are moderated by other cognitive abilities. The two number sensemeasures correlated modestly with each other (r = .22), but moderately with mathematics at age 16. Both measures were also associated with earlier mathematics; but this association was uneven across development and was moderated by other cognitive abilities.